THE REFUGEE SITUATION IN IRAQ




Definition of a refugee
According to the 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees[1], a refugee is defined under Article 1 as ‘any person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable to or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country’.
Under Article 1F, however, the following people have been excluded from recognition as refugees with respect to whom there are serious reasons for considering that:
v  He has committed a crime against peace, a war crime, or a crime against humanity, as defined in the international instruments drawn up to make provision in respect of such crimes.
v  He has committed a serious non-political crime outside the country of refuge prior to his admission to that country as a refugee.
v  He has been guilty of acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.
The Convention states that all the refugees residing in a particular country must be accorded the best treatment by the host country government and the civilians in that country and if possible they should be given the same treatment as the citizens of that country.
STATUS OF REFUGEES IN IRAQ
According to the World Refugee Survey 2009, Iraq hosts 41,600 registered refugees, primarily in Baghdad and the Kurdish-administered regions, as well as nearly 2,600 asylum seekers. They include Palestinians and various ethnic and ideological minorities fleeing persecution in Iran, Syria, and Turkey.

In total, Iraq is a host to more than 3 million displaced people both from other countries[2]. Most of the refugees in Iraq are civilians from Syria who fled Syria after the eruption of the civil war led by the ISIS[3]  group, another group of refugees are the Iraqi civilians who had fled to Syria after the eruption of the Iraqi war in 2003, so with the eruption of the Syria civil war the refugees returned home to become internally displaced people.
Syrians in Iraq included Kurds and Baathists fleeing the regime that numbered over 1,200. Three groups of Iranians live in Iraq: Kurds, Ahwazi Arabs, and members of the Mujahidin al-Khalq which is the primary opposition party of the Iranian government. Turkish Kurds number is estimated at 16,120[4].
With the advancement of the ISIS group into Iraq, more than seven hundred thousand civilians were also displaced from their homes and ended up being internally displaced people in their country[5] .
NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATIONS ON REFUGEES IN IRAQ
Protecting refugees is the responsibility of states. The 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol are the main international legal instruments on the protection of refugees and these documents set the minimum standards for their treatment. States who have signed the Convention are obliged to protect refugees on their territory and treat them according to internationally recognized rules.
In the case of a mass influx of refugees, when regular asylum systems are overwhelmed, there is an obligation for states to provide international protection at least on a temporary basis. However, Iraq has not signed the 1951 Convention and its Protocol.
As a result, the legal status of refugees in Iraq is governed by the countries’ national laws. However, international standards set out under international customary law still apply to it. Customary rules are binding on all states even if a country has not signed a specific convention outlining this law. Non-refoulement principle is part of international customary law. It prohibits the return of persons where they would be subject to torture, and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
There is however an exception where a refugee who poses a serious danger to the security of the country or to the community maybe excluded from this protection. The right to seek and enjoy asylum from persecution was outlined in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights which has now attained customary status.
In Iraq, the most serious challenge to the refugees is that the country is not member to the 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees therefore it is very hard for the international bodies to monitor, implement and control refugee treatment in the country. However, the government has remedied this by enacting two major national laws in the country on the status and treatment of refugees.
Law 21 of 2010
It is the first legislation which establishes the Ministry of Immigration and Displacement. Under this law, this ministry is required to provide assistance and services to the internally displaced people and the refugees that come to Iraq.
The Political Refugee Law of 1971
 The second legislation is the Political Refugee Law[6]  which is the law governing the status of refugees who have fled their countries for Iraq due to political reasons. Under this law the refugees are entitled to right to work, good health services and education just like the Iraqi civilians.


Decree Number 262 of 2008
To encourage the return of Iraqi refugees back to their country, there was a decree that was issued in the year 2008. Under this decree, the Ministry of Migration and Displacement is empowered to provide monetary damages to the Iraqis who were displaced due to the Sectarian violence.
Ministerial Resolution 201 of 2011
In addition to this the ministerial resolution 201 of 2011, grants benefits to foreign refugees and in particular, the Palestinian refugees are entitled to all the benefits that the Iraqi nationals enjoy.
THE EFFECT OF THESE LAWS ON THE LIVING CONDITIONS OF REFUGEES IN IRAQ
Refoulement
Although Iraq is not party to the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees or its 1967 Protocol, the 1971 Refugee Act prohibits refoulement. The northern governorates have no status determination procedure, so UNHCR registers asylum seekers[7].
A still-valid Coalition Provisional Authority order assigns the Ministry of Displacement and Migration responsibility for recognized refugees. The Permanent Committee for Refugee Affairs, established under the 1971 Refugee Act and reactivated in 2005 lacks the capacity to determine refugee status, which leaves UNHCR in charge of the procedure. The Committee disputes the status of certain refugee groups, such as the Syrian Arabs.
U.S. troops protect the Iranian Mujahideen al-Khalq at Camp Ashraf outside Baghdad, since the U.S. Defense Secretary declared them protected persons under the Fourth Geneva Convention.

Identity cards and documentation
UNHCR generally does not have access to detainees or to information about their conditions but the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has access to MNF-I detainees.
Refugees recognized by the former regime held Iraqi identity cards, but with its fall the new Government ordered Palestinian, Syrian, and Ahwazi refugees to obtain residence permits from the Residence Directorate, despite being exempted from that requirement by the 1971 Refugees Act.
Administrative roadblocks prevented most from renewing their cards or obtaining residence permits, but the Government began issuing identity cards to Palestinians in mid-2008, and UNHCR provides certificates to Syrians, Ahwazis and Kurds from Iran, and Sudanese refugees. Turkish refugees in Makhmour camp received identity cards in 2007. UNHCR provides asylum seekers, most of who reside in Kurdish areas, with certificates in Arabic, English, and Kurdish[8].
Freedom of Movement and Residence
Although there are no legal restrictions on refugees' freedom of movement or choice of residence, the general lawlessness, physical attacks, and arbitrary detention restrict refugees' movement in southern and central Iraq.
In the Kurdish governorates, Iranian refugees possess identity cards that let them travel in the area, but need permission from the regional government to go to other parts of Iraq. Turkish refugees in Makhmour refugee camp can move freely within the district, but they risk detention if they do not carry identification and authorization from camp authorities to leave the district for more than a day. The Government does not issue international travel documents to refugees[9]

Right to Earn a Livelihood
The 1971 Refugee Act provides for refugees' right to work, and in the Kurdish areas, they can work legally under permission from the President's office, but there is no authorization for asylum seekers. In the Kurdish governorates, refugees work in farming, trade, and construction. Refugees in Dahuk and Erbil can get work permits too, but in Sulaymaniyah, Iranian asylum seekers do not need to obtain work permits to work as laborers, shopkeepers, mechanics, and construction workers.
Although technically under the 1971 Refugee Act, refugees enjoy the same labor rights as citizens, current conditions make this impossible. Refugees in central and southern Iraq have difficulty finding jobs because of their lack of documentation.
The 1971 Refugee Act does not specifically provide for refugee property ownership, but earlier legal provisions benefit Syrian refugees. Refugees are unable to register businesses, own land, or open bank accounts, as all of these activities require Iraqi national identification documents.
Public Relief and Education
The Government cooperates with UNHCR as it aids refugees. UNHCR works through non-governmental organizations partners, while the Iraqi Red Crescent and the Iraq Aid Association (IAA) also operate.
Iranian camp residents receive food from the ICRC and an Iranian-American relief organization, which also donates medical supplies and school supplies. UNHCR helps Iranian Kurdish refugees who moved to the Kawa camp in Erbil with vocational training, and the agency provides internal roads, water, and electricity to the residents.
Despite limited access to Al Waleed camp, through the Italian Consortium for Solidarity (ICS), UNHCR gives residents rations, non-food items, electricity, and fuel. ICRC provides water, sanitation services, and medical supplies. ICS takes seriously ill patients to a hospital every two weeks.
The Refugee Act entitles refugees to the same health and education services as nationals and, in the Kurdish regions, UNHCR and the regional governments provide these services. Refugees without identity documents, however, have difficulty attending school and getting other services.
Food Assistance
Iraq has a Public Distribution System which allocates billions of Iraqi dinars to Food Rations and provides a Social Safety Nets for its population. Syrian refugees who arrived in Iraq in 2012 were initially able to receive food assistance and were granted a PDS card. Later arrivals were not included in the PDS food rations program, and therefore had to rely on assistance from refugees already in possession of the cards.
Healthcare
Refugees in Al Qa’im camp have free access to healthcare. It is difficult to access information on those (registered or unregistered) living outside the camps in Iraq. In the KR, refugees with residency permits are granted free access to health services. Those without residency permits find free services in Domiz camp[10]
THE INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR REFUGEE PROTECTION IN IRAQ
A government is ultimately responsible for the humanitarian needs of the population under its authority, including those who are refugees in its territory[11].  Iraq has in the past been criticized for failing to fulfill its obligations in important respects, most egregiously through policies that themselves uprooted particular populations, such as the Marsh Arabs in the south and Kurds, Turkmen and Assyrians in the North[12] .
Its failure was also attributed in other contexts to the imposition by the   international community of economic sanctions. Iraq has in present times stepped up to its duties to refugees in its territory despite the negative audience that it attracted historically as noted in the opening paragraph of this section. The well -structured institutional framework of the country is a testament of this.
The government of Iraq (through its agencies), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), international organizations and non-governmental organizations are a team of institutions that ensure the protection of refugees within the Iraqi territory. These will be discussed below.
The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
The UNHCR leads in the protection and assistance response in support of the Iraqi authorities. It is a United Nations’ refugee agency and is governed by the UN General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). Its mandate is defined by the 1950 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Statute[13] . In 2003, the General Assembly extended the organization's mandate "until the refugee problem is solved." The High Commissioner reports annually to ECOSOC and the General Assembly on the work of UNHCR[14]
As in other countries where the UNHCR has its offices, its core function is the protection of refugees. The UNHCR in its work appreciates that governments usually protect the basic human rights and physical security of their citizens. But when they become refugees owing to situations that arise, this safety is no longer guaranteed as such and this leaves such people in a very vulnerable situation. The office therefore comes in to provide this lost protection.
In Iraq the protection of 33.9 million uprooted or stateless people is the core mandate of the UNHCR.
Ways in which the UNHCR ensures the protection of refugees in Iraq include:
         It ensures the basic human rights of uprooted or stateless people in their countries of asylum or habitual residence end that refugees will not be returned involuntarily to a country where they could face persecution. This is in line with the principle of non-refoulement[15]  which is fundamental in refugee law.
         It has partnered with the United Nations Development Programme with the objective of reorienting the focus of refugee response towards a resilience approach. In the plan, resilience interventions are incorporated aimed at contributing to stronger self-reliance of refugees and impacted communities and to strengthen the capacity of the government to provide basic services to meet the demands of the increased population[16] .
         The UNHCR in Iraq carries out Rapid Needs Assessments[17]  (RNAs) especially for new arrivals of refugees. As of 24 August 2014, the UNHCR had completed this assessment in Anbar, Baghdad and Karbala governorates. This was followed by a similar initiative in which saw the completion of an additional 28 RNAs in Baghdad and 27 in Babylon[18]
         The agency cooperates with government agencies in provision of basic essential services to the refugees. In August 2004, the UNHCR in Erbil in Iraq held a number of coordination meetings with representatives of the Ministry of Planning, the Ministry of Displacement and Migration, the Ministry of Agriculture and Land and other United Nations agencies and implementing partners concerning sites planning, shelter, water and sanitation, health, registration and other issues. The improvement of services in the Baharka Camp is attributed to this coordination[19]
         Although the registration of refugees is a preserve of the government of Iraq, the UNHCR helps the government in the registration of refugees. For instance, it helped in the registration of refugees in Makhmour Camp in North Iraq in June 2011.
         The officers of the UNHCR in Iraq, attempt to promote or provide legal and physical protection, and minimize the threat of violence - including sexual assault - which many refugees are subject to, even in countries of asylum as they seek to provide at least a minimum of shelter, food, water and medical care in the immediate aftermath of any refugee exodus, while taking into account the specific needs of women, children, the elderly and the disabled.
         Important to the refugees, and as a vital role of the UNHCR, in the longer term, it helps refugees find appropriate durable solutions to their plight, by repatriating voluntarily to their homeland, integrating in countries of asylum or resettling in third countries.
The Iraqi Government
The Iraqi government works through its agencies and ministries to ensure the protection of the rights and interests of refugees within its territory. Contributions from the Iraqi government towards the interests of refugees in its territory in the year 2013 were valued at USD 9,965,812[20]This evidences the dedication of the Iraqi government. The agencies and ministries include:
ü  Assistance(ICODHA).
ü  Development and modification Centre
ü  Directorate of Displacement and Migration
ü  Erbil Refugee Council
ü  Ministry of Displacement and Migration
ü  Permanent Committee of Refugees
The most important duty that the government performs in Iraq in relation to the protection of refugee rights and interest within its territory is the registration of refugees. This task by the government of Iraq has been applauded by TarikKurdi in 2011 then UNHCR Deputy Representing the Iraq operation as ‘a crucial step for refugees who [as] as it will strengthen their refugee status by receiving a refugee residence card entitling them to several benefits…’
The registration of refugees was introduced by the government of Iraq in 2008. It seeks to give the refugees a wider range of rights and services. These include education, health care services, the right to work and the right of the refugees to travel.
The Integrated Coordination Office for Development and Humanitarian Assistance (ICODHA) coordinated the inter-agency response to the situation crisis of refugees and internal displaced persons in Iraq until the mid-2014.  The Iraqi Ministry of Migration and Displacement represents the government of Iraq in relation to matters of refugees both at the national level and in the international level. It works with the UNHCR and other non-governmental agencies in the protection of refugee rights. It presents the proposals of these agencies to the government of Iraq in the right forums.
The government of Iraq undertakes the role of ensuring that all the agencies both governmental and non-governmental work in co-ordination and that there is no duplication of duties amongst the agencies. This role was seen in 2013 when the government with other partners and stakeholders came up with a comprehensive system of co-ordination with all Regional Response Plan Partners. This included nine (9) sectors, most of which are co-shared by international NGOs.
The Iraqi government works with the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG). A joint institution was established by the two at the end of 2014. The centre is currently being operationally equipped with support from UNDP. The objective of the institution is to better coordinate the actions of the governments to respond to the crisis and to provide for a liaison with the international community. The KRG identified 26 sites for camps in 3 northern governorates with a total absorption of approximately 240,000 people.
Non- Governmental Organizations
Non-governmental organizations in Iraq play a very crucial role in the protection of refugee rights and need. This emphasizes the development of the jurisprudence of international human rights where states are no longer the only institutions charged with the protection of rights of people within their territories[21]. In the year 2013, contributions from the private sector towards the protection of the interests of refugees were valued at USD 613,380[22] . The NGOs complement the work of the government and that of the UNHCR. The non-governmental organizations include[23] :
ü  Action contre la faim
ü  Agency for Technical Cooperation and Development
ü  Association for Cultural Development for Civil Society
ü  Save the Children Federation
ü  Islamic Relief Worldwide
The core mandate of the NGOs in relation to refugees is to provide assistance to the refugees in their camps. In the camp of Al Obayidi in Anbar Province, where the UNHCR staff were unable to access especially the Syrian camp since it fell into the hands of the Islamic state of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) in early June 2013 with 1900 refugees, NGOs took up the task and assisted the refugees by ensuring that their fundamental needs were taken care of.
Other tasks that the NGOs undertake are attributable to the nature of their operations. The Red Cross for instance provides relief in form of health care services in emergency situations to the refugees in the camps. The Save the Children Federation ensures that children needs are addressed in the refugee camps.
These include matters of health, parental care and education. Protection of the children from defilement or sexual abuse which is prevalent in the camps is also monitored by the Save the Children Federation. Some of the organizations identify and monitor needs of individuals in need of specialized support like free legal services.


THE CONDITIONS OF REFUGEES LIVING IN IRAQ
Refugees in Iraq face lack of adequate shelter, food and water, cold during the winter conditions, language barriers and lack of travelling and identification documents.
Water, sanitation and shelter
It is argued that a safely built environment includes adequate housing conditions is the most elemental human needs. Housing in refugees camps in Iraq is often overcrowded and of inferior quality.  Crowded, cramped conditions have been associated with acute respiratory infections and poor mental health among children. Adequate shelter is relevant to protect people against the elements, allow them to live in a dignified manner and reduce the exposure to communicable diseases.
The refugees in Iraq live in the camps where they live under tents, which are a temporary means of shelter and do not protect them from the harsh climatic conditions most vulnerable than the refugees living in camps are those refugees hidden in the shadows of urban areas. Crowded in ramshackle apartments abandoned buildings these families face hopelessness every day. They cannot work legally so they scrape after a living by cleaning toilets or hauling produce. Children search for odd jobs to earn few coins.
In emergency situations, refugee populations in Iraq face water shortages with dramatic results thus face dehydration .Safe disposal of human excreta creates the first barrier to excreta-related disease like cholera, helping to reduce transmission through direct and indirect routes.  Safe excreta disposal is therefore a major priority, and in most disaster situations should be addressed with as much speed and effort as the provision of safe water supply.
Sexual and gender-based violence
During the crisis in the Middle East which has led to refugees from Syria, Palestine, Iran and IDPs from Iraq itself face armed conflict, in which institutions and systems for physical and social protection may be weakened or destroyed.
Police, and legal, health, education, and social services are often disrupted; many people have fled, and those who remain may not have the capacity or the equipment to work.  Families and communities are often separated, which results in a further breakdown of community support systems and protection mechanisms. Throughout such emergency, refugees are particularly vulnerable for sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV).
Food and nutritional status
Access to food and the maintenance of adequate nutritional status are critical determinants of people’s survival, which can be seriously jeopardized in disaster situations. Malnutrition is one of the harsh conditions people in Iraq face may be the most serious public health problem and may be a leading cause of death, whether directly or indirectly. 
People’s food security determines their nutrition and health in the short term and their future survival and well-being. In refugee camp situations in Iraq, frequently people are completely dependent on humanitarian assistance and food aid. This is especially the case where hosting government which is Iraq applies a strict encampment policy and income-generating and agricultural activities are prohibited.
 In these cases it is of critical importance that food supply is regular, ensured and well balanced. The inclusion of an adequate level of micro-nutrients therein is essential. For instance, anemia due to iron deficiency is a major public health issue and affects every age group. It impairs cognitive development in children and affects the immune system.
General, reproductive and child health
According to the 1951 Refugee Convention, refugees should enjoy access to health services equivalent to that of the host population. Health status, however, is a complex issue, in which disease agents interact in various ways with food supply, water and sanitation, shelter, education, environmental factors and health services.
It thus requires a comprehensive approach, including the reliable measurement of impact indicators, such as morbidity and mortality estimates. Conditions such as in refugee camps in Iraq bring people in overcrowded situations, opening the way to rapid transmission of infectious diseases, often aggravated by compounding factors of poverty, malnutrition and poor hygiene and sanitation.
Freedom of movement and employment of refugees
A lack of free access to the world outside camps in Iraq impedes refugees’ opportunities to find gainful employment, as well as access to education, health and legal counseling services that are not available in camps, and thereby perpetuates their dependence on humanitarian assistance.
Especially in protracted situations, free movement is essential for integration into the local society and refugees’ contribution to local development. Iraq is under review with a restrictive in their policy towards refugees, thereby being in disagreement with the 1951 Refugee Convention.

Case Study
Palestinians in Iraq lack protection have serious problems obtaining identity cards and have been target of continuing harassment, threats, kidnappings and killings.  Armed men in Baghdad hand delivered written death letter threats to several Palestinians.  Similar threats were issued and created widespread panic among Palestinians, many of whom tried to flee as a result.
The current situation faced by Syrian and Iraqs displaced by war is perhaps the worst ever humanitarian crisis.60% of Syrian refugees are young people who have experienced traumas. They have seen their parents being tortured or a sibling killed, watching an entire city, streets exploded, fleeing from their homes across borders in the dark of night with the flying shells over their heads or rebel soldiers chasing after them.
RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE TREATMENT OF REFUGEES
Offer protection to all refugees
The government in Iraq in coordination with UNHCR should ensure that it places the same attention on the refugees living outside the camps as it does with those living in the camps. A particular effort should be made to identify and address the protection problems confronting these refugees, many of whom are finding it increasingly difficult to meet their basic needs.

UNHCR should put more pressure on the governments in Middle East to ensure peace is achieved
The UNHCR should put more pressure on the governments in Middle East to ensure that peace is achieved as soon as possible so as to ensure that these refugees return back to their countries and the internally displaced persons are able to return to their homes. In doing so, they will also have reduced the number of refugees that die as a result of attacks from the armed groups and also due to starvation and poor sanitation.[24]
Timely provision of national budget to Kurdistan Regional Government
Iraq’s central government should also ensure that it provides the Kurdistan Regional Government with its share of the national budget which at times it delays in providing or fails to provide them with so that the regional government is able to support the refugees.
Provision of public education
Another recommendation is that the government should provide public education to the civilians on the status of refugees so as to ensure that they are treated well. Children should also be provided with formal education so as to ensure that they are able to acquire jobs in future. The central government should also work in coordination with the NGOs and the aid agencies so as to help them in the delivery of aid to the refugees in the remote areas by providing protection to them.[25]





REFERENCES
1. Refugees International Refugees International.org/where-we-work/middle-east/Iraq (accessed 20March 2015)
2. UNHCR Country Operations Profile-Iraq www.unhcr.org/pages/49e486426.html (accessed 20 March 2015)
3. Module 3:Food,Water,Sanitation and Housing in Refugee Camps. www.underfor sight.org/refugee-health/module 3. (accessed 18 March 2015).
4. Bart de Bruijin Human, Development Research Paper2009/25, The Living Conditions.
5. Well-being of Refugees. hdr.undp.org/en/content/living-conditions and-well-being-refugees (accessed 20 March 2015)
6.UNHCR Deeply concerned by the Plight of Palestinian Refugees in Iraq.electronicintifada.net/content/unhcr-deeply-concerned-plight-palestinian-refugees-iraq/2827 (accessed 20 March 2015).
7.The Unbelievable Plight of Syrian Refugees is Being Ignored   www.relevant magazine. Plight-Syrian-refugees-being-ignored(accessed 20 March 2015).
8. Gibney, M. (2010). Global Refugee Crisis-A Reference Handbook. New York: ABC-CLIO.
9. Hathaway, J. C. (2005). The Rights of Refugees under International Law. New York: Cambridge University Press.
10.  Iraqi Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Displaced Persons: Current Conditions and Concerns In the Event Of War (2003).
11. Zieck, M. (1997). UNHCR and Voluntary Reperation of Refugees: A Legal Analysis. Chicago: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

[1]1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees.
[2]  George Sadek ‘The legal status of refugees; Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Iraq’ (2013) the Law library of congress.
[3]ISIS stands for Islamic state in Iraq and Syria. An Islamic group in Syria and Iraq whose goal is to established an Islamic state in the two countries with the aim of expanding to other nations.
[5]‘Current Humanitarian Situation in Iraq’http://refugeesinternational.org/where-we-work/middle-east/iraq.(accessed on 18th March 2015).
[6] 1967.
[10]Legal Status of Individuals Fleeing Syria: Syria needs Analysis Project,  June 2013.
[11]Gibney, M. (2010).Global Refugee Crisis-A Reference Handbook.
[12]A Human Rights Watch Briefing Paper Iraqi Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Displaced Persons: Current Conditions and Concerns in the Event of War (2003) 5
[13]This statute can be accessed from the UNHCR website at http://www.unhcr.org/3b66c39el/html (accessed on 20 March 2015).
[14]Zieck, M.(1997). UNHCR and Voluntary Reparation of Refugees: A Legal Analysis.
[15]The principle protects refugees from being forcefully returned to countries where they will be exposed to the violation of their rights. This principle has been asserted by many commentators as that which has attained the status of Jus Cogens. It is provided for in Article 33(2) of the 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees.
[16]This partnership between the UNHCR and the UNDP is reported in the UNHCR website, it is a partnership of 2015.
[17]This is a programme where the UNHCR identifies areas in relation to the protection of refugees in IRAQ require urgent response owing to their nature.
[18]Statistics as obtained from the UNHCR website information on its activities in Iraq
[19]Information in www.unhcr.org.hk (accessed on 19 March 2015).
[20]Statistics obtained from the UNHCR website on Iraq at www.unhcr.org (accessed on 20 March 2015).
[21]Hathaway, J. C. (2005). The Rights of Refugees Under International Law.
[22]Statistics obtained from the UNHCR website at www.unhcr.org (accessed on 20 March 2015)
[23]This is not an exhaustive list, there are other NGOs that are not provided and discussed in this paper but which are very instrumental in the protection of refugee rights in Iraq
[24] Beyond emergency assistance: Syrian refugees in northern Iraq and Jordan; http://refugeesinternational.org/policy/field-report/beyond-emergency-assistance-syrian-refugees-


courtesy of group 6, KUSOL class of 2015


jordan-and-northern-iraq accessed on 18th march 2015
[25] Waiting for winter; displaced Iraqis in Kurdistan Region; http://refugeesinternational.org/policy/field-report/waiting-winter-displaced-iraqis-kri accessed on 18th march 2015

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